Pop Quiz: What was the first personal computer?

We'll make it easy for you. Let's define personal computer as a computer having the following attributes:

It must be a digital computer. It must be largely automatic. It must be programmable by the end-user. It must be accessible, either as a commercially manufactured product, as a commercially available kit, or as widely published kit plans.

It must be small enough to be transportable by an average person. It must be inexpensive enough to be affordable by the average professional. It must be simple enough to use that it requires no special training beyond an instruction manual.

Ready?

Was it the IBM PC?

Bzzzt! The IBM PC was introduced in 1981. It was perhaps the first to wear the "PC" label, but that was IBM's only innovation. They sure sold a bunch of them, though.

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
IBM	5150 PC	1981	?	8088/VLSI	desktop

Was it the Apple ][?

No, the 1977 Apple ][ was the first highly successful mass-produced personal computer, but not the first personal computer. Nor was the 1976 Apple 1, which can be considered an Apple ][ prototype since only 200 or so were made. The Apple 1 signaled the end of toggle switches and blinkenlights, and launched the interactive graphical microcomputer as a new class of machine.

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
Apple	Apple ][	April 1977	$1295	6502/LSI	desktop
Apple	Apple 1	May 1976	$666	6502/LSI	single-board

Was it the IBM 5100?

Good answer! But no, the IBM 5100, introduced in September 1975, was IBM's first personal computer, but it was priced too high for most people to have considered. Pricing was as follows: Memory BASIC APL Both 16K $8,975 $9,975 $10,975 32K $11,975 $12,975 $13,975 48K $14,975 $15,975 $16,975 64K $17,975 $18,975 $19,975 The 5100 was just one of several personal computers IBM made before the PC. It was followed by the 5110, the 5120, the Datamaster, and then finally the 5150 PC.

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
IBM	5100 portable Computer	September 1975	$9000-$20,000	LSI	portable all-in-one
IBM	5110	1978	?	LSI?	portable all-in-one
IBM	5120	1980	?	LSI?	all-in-one with build-in 8" floppies
IBM	Datamaster	1981	?	LSI/8085	all-in-one with build-in 8" floppies

Was it the MITS Altair?

You're way off! The Altair, introduced in January 1975, was the first computer to be produced in fairly high quantity, and it was the first computer to run Microsoft software, but we're not sure that's a good thing. Unfortunately for computer history buffs, the Altair is often mistakenly called the first personal computer by Microsoft-loving journalists who don't know any better.

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
MITS	Altair 8800	January 1975	$439 for kit, $621 assembled	8080/LSI	S-100 desktop box

Was it the Mark-8?

Nope, but the Mark-8 (1974) was the first microcomputer kit with plans published in a popular magazine. The Mark-8 provided the first big spark that catalyzed the hobbyist movement. Before the Mark-8 appeared, there was at least one hobbyist newsletter, the ACS Newsletter, published by the Amateur Computer Society, which focused primiarily on the PDP-8, the machine which inspired the Mark-8. The Mark-8 spawned a few more hobbyist newsletters, such as Hal Singer's Micro-8 and Hal Chamberlin's The Computer Hobbyist. The machine was designed by Jon Titus. Jon Titus on the Mark-8 Blinkenlights Interview with Jon Titus on the Mark-8 Yet Another Interview with Jon Titus

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
Radio Electronics	Mark-8	July 1974	$5 for assembly plans	8008/LSI	desktop kit

Was is the Scelbi-8H?

No, but the Scelbi-8H (1973) was another microcomputer that preceded the Altair. Like the Altair, it was available from the manufacturer both as a kit and as a pre-assembled computer. The machine was designed by Nat Wadsworth.

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
Scelbi	8H	1973	$565	8008/LSI	desktop

Was it the HP 65?

No. Some people consider the HP 65, introduced in 1973, a mere calculator, but it was fully programmable; you could even play games on it. HP even called it a personal computer in their introductory article in the HP Journal, but it wasn't the first. Museum of HP Calculators

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
Hewlett Packard	65	1973	$795	LSI	handheld

Was it the Xerox Alto?

You're getting warmer. The Alto, introduced in 1973, but never commercially produced, was perhaps the most innovative design in computer history: it had a mouse, a GUI, an object-oriented OS and development tools, and fast networking with the first ethernet cards. These are features that wouldn't be common until 10 years later, and even 20 years later some of them were still cutting edge. Al's Xerox Workstation Collection

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
Xerox	Alto	April 1973	N/A	MSI	workstation

Was it the Micral?

It has also been said that the Micral is the earliest non-kit microcomputer. This might be true only in a very narrow sense. Intel themselves made earlier microcomputers, such as the SIM4 and Intellec-4, and Intel advertises design wins such as the Seiko S-500 desktop computer as early as March 1973.

• The Computer Museum

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
Micral	Micral	1973	$1750	8008/LSI	desktop

Was it the Intel SIM4?

The Intel MCS-4-based SIM4 (1972) was the first microcomputer, but not the first personal computer. The single-board SIM4-02 is shown at the right plugged into an Intel MCB4 chassis along with a PROM programmer card. (The machine belongs to Dwight Elvey, and the photo was taken by Doug Coward.)

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
Intel	SIM4-01	1972	?	4004/LSI	single-board

Was it the HP 9830?

Good guess! The HP 9830, introduced in 1972, was the first desktop all-in-one computer. It even had BASIC in ROM, but few people know about it because HP marketed it primarily to scientists and engineers, very quiet people. Even earlier (1968), HP produced a similar desktop machine called the 9100. However, since it didn't have a full alphanumeric keyboard or display, it is generally considered a sophisticated programmable calculator rather than a general-purpose computer. According to one researcher, the term personal computer was first used to describe the 9100A. Museum of HP Calculators

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
Hewlett Packard	9830A	1972	$5975	MSI	desktop all-in-one

Was it the Kenbak-1?

The what? Oh, the Kenbak was designed by John Blankenbaker, introduced in 1971 and sold through small ads in magazines like Scientific American. It was affordable and small, but far from the first. This otherwise obscure machine was named "first personal computer" by a smart group of judges under the auspices of a contest held by The Computer Museum in Boston in 1986. The Computer Museum

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
Kenbak	Kenbak-1	1971	$750	MSI	desktop

Was it the Imlac PDS-1?

• Blinkenlight's Imlac

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
Imlac	PDS-1	1970	?	SSI, core memory	workstation

Was it the Paperclip Computer?

I don't think so. The "paperclip computer" was introduced in 1967 in a book called How To Build a Working Digital Computer by Alcosser, Phillips, and Wolk. The book describes how you can build a simple computer with things around the house, like paperclips for switches, and a tin can for drum memory. In 1969, a company called COMSPACE created a "professional" version of this computer called the Arkay CT-650.

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
Alcosser, Phillips, and Wolk	Paperclip Computer	1967	$3.75 + parts	paperclips, tin can, knife switches	desktop
COMSPACE	Arkay CT-650	1969	$1000	relay	desktop

Was it the Honeywell Kitchen Computer?

He he! Stop; you're killing me! Incredibly, around 1966 Honeywell tried to enter the home computer market with the Kitchen Computer. Cutting board included! The same computer, sans cutting board, was used by BBN to build the IMP's that powered the ARPANET. Failed Products

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
Honeywell	Kitchen Computer (based on DDP-516)	1966	$7000	SSI, core memory	appliance

Was it the DEC PDP-8?

No, but the PDP-8, introduced in 1965, was available as a desktop model as early as 1968, and while it was too expensive for most people, and required racks of peripherals to be useful, it was very personal for its time. The PDP-8 inspired Steven Gray to found the Amateur Computer Society and publish the ACS Newsletter, the first spark of the hobbyist movement predicted by Edmund C. Berkeley almost 20 years earlier.

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
DEC	PDP-8	1965	?	SSI, core memory	desktop

Was it the Minivac 601?

Very close, but no. Like some of the earliest computers, the Minivac was relay based, but unlike the early room-filling monsters, the Minivac had only six relays and was easily afforded by almost anybody interested in computers. Blinkenlight's Minivac

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
Scientific Development Corporation	Minivac 601	1961	$135	relay	desktop

Was it the Heathkit EC-1?

Almost! The EC-1, introduced in 1959, was a small inexpensive desktop computer. It was available as a kit for under $200! But it wasn't digital. It was analog, and could be used to solve certain types of problems, but it's not what most people think of as a computer today.

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
Heathkit	EC-1	1959	$199	analog tubes	desktop

Was it the GENIAC?

So close! The GENIAC, designed by Edmund C. Berkeley in 1955, and sold by both Berkeley Enterprises and several distributors was small, affordable, digital, and user-programmable. It couldn't do much, but you can't get much more personal than the GENIAC. Thomas Haddock calls the GENIAC the first personal computer in his "Collector's Guide...". A GENIAC Poem How the GENIAC works Tic-Tac-Toe Nim Adding machine Binary to decimal The GENIAC was the first of several similar machines designed and sold by Berkeley: Geniac = Genius Almost-Automatic Computer Tyniac = Tiny Almost-Automatic Computer Weeniac = Weeny Almost-Automatic Computer (only 60 made) Brainiac = Brain-Imitating Almost-Automatic Computer

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
Berkeley Enterprises	GENIAC	1955	$19.95	electric rotary switches	single-board

Was it Simon?

BINGO! Edmund Berkeley first described Simon in his 1949 book, "Giant Brains, or Machines That Think" and went on to publish plans to build Simon in a series of Radio Electronics issues in 1950 and 1951. Simon touched such pioneering computer scientists as Ivan Sutherland, who went on to influence development of interactive graphical personal computers. 1950 Simon FAQ 1956 Berkeley Enterprises Report 1956 Berkeley Enterprises Memo Edmund C. Berkeley Timeline By 1959, over 400 Simon plans were sold.

Make	Model	Introduced	Price	Technology	Form
Berkeley Enterprises	Simon	1950	about $300	relay	desktop